Today, on the occasion of World Environment Day, we gather to raise awareness and take action against plastic pollution under the #BeatPlasticPollution campaign. Plastic pollution poses severe threats to our health, economy, and environment, demanding immediate attention. Global plastic production has exponentially increased in recent decades, reaching a staggering 400 million tonnes annually, with only 9% being recycled and 12% incinerated. If we don't act decisively, plastic waste inflow into our oceans is projected to triple by 2040.
I want to draw attention to the challenge of microplastics in marine ecosystems, particularly affecting nations with extensive coastlines like those in South-East Asia. With our vast coastline spanning 73,907 kilometers and a population of approximately 2,069 million, our countries heavily rely on the oceans for economic and social benefits. The presence of microplastics in our water bodies emphasizes the need for immediate action.
Microplastics exist in two forms: primary and secondary. Primary microplastics, measuring less than five millimeters, are directly released into the ocean, while secondary microplastics result from the degradation of larger plastic items. Shockingly, 92% of plastic pollution on the ocean's surface consists of microplastics.
The impact of microplastics extends beyond marine life and causes significant economic losses, with annual marine ecosystem services valued between US$ 500 billion to US$ 2,500 billion being affected. Moreover, the health implications of plastics, especially microplastics, are concerning. Exposure to microplastic particles raises health risks, and research is ongoing to better understand the associated dangers.
Microplastics entering the food chain, particularly seafood, are an alarming aspect of this crisis. While further studies are needed to explore the extent of microplastics' impact on public health, existing research reveals their presence in various components of the marine ecosystem, including sediments, seawater, corals, and fish. The breakdown of larger plastics into microplastics poses a grave threat to marine life and, consequently, human health.
The pervasive nature of microplastics, infiltrating our food, water, and bodies, has severe consequences for marine ecosystems, livelihoods, and industries such as tourism and fisheries. Microplastics also act as carriers for toxic pollutants, magnifying their impact on the environment and the food chain.
WHO Member States in the South-East Asia Region recently came together to address the impacts of marine pollution and microplastics on human health. The meeting was to pro-actively response to the request by the Honorable Minister of Health, Maldives at the Seventy-fifth Regional Committee Meeting in 2022, to the Regional Director, WHO South-East Asia Region for Regional support to address marine pollution, Their discussions resulted in a draft white paper outlining practical measures to be implemented.
Immediate actions should include prohibiting single-use plastics and reducing overall plastic consumption. Additionally, more evidence is needed regarding the impact of microplastics on human health, as well as further investigations into their sources and magnitude in marine ecosystems. These findings will form the basis for effective interventions in the future.
Longer-term measures include research, data collection, and understanding the social, economic, and cultural impacts of marine pollution. National action plans to mitigate plastics and microplastics are crucial, along with the establishment and enforcement of standards for wastewater treatment. For example, in the Maldives, the implementation of an import tax has yielded positive results, with a 76% reduction in the importation of non-biodegradable plastic bags from 2012 to 2017, accompanied by an increase in the importation of biodegradable bags during the same period. The integration of circular economy principles, such as waste prevention, is imperative. Investment in innovative technologies to prevent microplastic leakage, raising awareness through educational programs and campaigns, and research on the impact of microplastics on human health are essential.
WHO-SEARO and Member States in the Region are actively exploring the issue of microplastics and their potential impacts on health. While the magnitude of microplastics in the ocean is monumental, further research is needed to understand their effects on human health through exposure via food, water, and air. This research will guide our future work and help us assess risks and identify necessary actions.
Together, let us take decisive steps to combat plastic pollution and safeguard our environment for future generations.